Articles

Summery : Science the ground water quality is important for drinking and other applications and given that this area has a dry climate and drinking water supply by transferring from other cities, due to far distance, is difficulties. Considering to underground water resources in this area will be reasonable and inevitable. In this study groundwater resources quality of Sistan and Baluchistan with determine and evaluation important chemical parameters of Sulfate, Phosphate, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Chloride ions and Nitrate ions was reviewed. For this 357 water samples at the 2015 collected from designated wells in the area and transported to laboratory according to standard methods and analyzed.The Result showed that maximum concentration of Calcium in Konarak with 136 mg/l, Potassium in Konarak with 8.38 mg/l, Potassium in Konarak with 8.38 mg/l, Sodium in Zahedan with 416 mg/l, Chloride in Zahedan with 410 mg/l, Nitrate & Nitrate in Iranshahr with 15 mg/l, Phosphorus in Zahedan with 0.012 mg/l, Sulfatein Zahedan with 509 mg/l and Magnesiumin Zahedan with 47 mg/l. most citiesparameters concentration to be within the standards/guidelines recommended by international organizations. Finally, result showed that Groundwater quality (Phosphorus, Magnesium, Nitrate & Nitrate, Calcium, Chloride) of Sistan Baluchistan is good for water suppling except sodium, Chloride and Sulfate parameter that need attention and treatment in some city such as Zahedan and Chabahar

Summery : The need for fluoride in drinking water to the extent that reduces the amount of tooth decay and the other hand does not cause dental fluorosis, has been well documented as an important fact. The aim of this research is to survey values of fluoride in drinking water in Sistan and Baluchestan. In this descriptive and analytical study, the number of 551 samples during 4 seasons of 2013 year from rural drinking water sources via rural water and Wastewater Company has been taken. The concentration of fluoride in water samples was measured using SPADNS method.

Summery : Water should be free of dangerous agents and able to provide the nutritional needs of humans and animals. Adequate and reliable water supply is essential for healthy animal production. This study was carried out in Sistan region, Sistan and Baluchistan State, Iran, to evaluate the pollution rate of drinking water and water sources with fecal Escherichia coli via the most probable number (MPN) method. A total number of 100 water samples were collected and divided to drinking and nonpotable water groups. The non-potable water was categorized according to flow type, irrigation usage, type of accessibility and geographic location. Mean number of MPN of fecal E. coli in nonpotable and drinkable water were detected, 6.1 × 102 and 2.4 coliforms per 100 mL, respectively (p < 0.05). Running water was more contaminated than still and pipe water in the study area (p < 0.05). Significantly, the MPN of fecal coliforms, in non-potable water, collected from the east was higher than the west part of the study area (p < 0.05). Among potable water, in the study area, the west part was remarkably more polluted with fecal E. coli than the east part of the study area (p < 0.05). Results indicated the applicability of water for animal consumption and an alarming signal for human consumption and public health

Summery : The aims of this study were to assess and analysis of drinking water quality of Chabahar villages in Sistan and Baluchistan province by water quality index (WQI) and to investigate the water stability in subjected area. The results illustrated that the average values of LSI, RSI, PSI, LS, and AI was 0.5 (0/34), 6.76 (0/6), 6.50 (0/99), 2.71 (1/59), and 12.63 (0/34), respectively. The calculation of WQI for groundwater samples indicated that 25% of the samples could be considered as excellent water, 50% of the samples were classified as good water category and 25% of the samples showed poor water categorz

Summery : Development and progress are ideals that always different countries have pursued. Everybody welcomes a developed country with people free from development obstacles. Indeed, realization of such a goal requires developmental planning in national and local scales taking into account the population growth rate, economical, social, cultural, and political problems, and generally, imbalances and dualities from which the whole country suffers. Hence, it seems inevitably and vitally necessary to pay attention to regional planning in Iran, and, more rapid growth and development of the country can be achieved with the aid of such planning and through growth and flourishing of different regions commensurate with their capacities and capabilities. The current paper is attempted to comparatively assess the performance and efficiency of Iranian provinces in terms of development level using Taxonomy and Morris models. It also aims at analyzing statuses of Iranian in terms of inequality extent in enjoying development benefits using standard score method. The research results are suggestive of the fact that Sistan and Baluchistan Province assumes the lowest rank (30th among the 30 provinces) in all three methods under study.

Summery : Sistan and Baluchistan province with an area of 187.500 km2, accounts for 11.4% of the total area of the country as the biggest province. Considering the population density, it is one of the lowest populated provinces in Iran. Quality of the ground water is determined by its chemical, physical, and biological properties. Since chemical elements play a significant role in the type and amount of the usage of these resources, in this work, it's been aimed to determine and interpret the dominant type of water and critical points by measuring the important and influential physical and chemical properties including the concentrations of sulfate, fluoride, calcium, chloride, magnesium, and sodium ions, as well as other physical and chemical parameter in 800 samples from different areas of the province in 2015. The final goal is to contribute to solving the current water crisis of the country by gaining the knowledge for better management of these water resources, now and in the future. The results demonstrated that, in all cities of the province, all parameters were within the limited range, except for sodium, which was revealed to be higher than the limited range in majority of the cities. Among these cities, the quality of the water in Zahedan and Chabahar was obtained to be comparatively worse. Furthermore, the dominant type in Sistan and Baluchistan province was detected to be sodium sulfate and then sodium bicarbonate

Summery : Abstract Evaluating the quantity of food season foodwater that is difcult to control or use in rivers with high sediment concentration is an important part of water resource evaluation and foodwater resource utilisation. This study proposes a method coupling water quantity and quality to evaluate such foodwater. The method divides foodwater into foodwater that is difcult to control (‘difcultcontrollable’) and foodwater that is controllable but difcult to use (‘controllable but difcult-use’). A case study of the Bajiazui Reservoir in the Jing River in China’s Loess Plateau is presented. The average annual quantity of difcult-controllable foodwater is 10.4 million m3. The annual mean quantity of the difcult-controllable/-use foodwater is 38.1 million m3. The majority of that amount (78.21%) comprised controllable but difcult-use foodwater. An analysis of 64 combinations of factors infuencing the quantity of the difcult-controllable/-use foodwater shows that the sediment concentration of run-of is the primary factor infuencing the difcult-controllable/-use foodwater. The reservoir’s maximum food release capacity and foodwater rejection coefcient are the primary factors afecting the difcult-controllable and controllable but difcult-use foodwater, respectively. The new evaluation method is superior to traditional methods and is suitable for evaluating difcultcontrollable/-use foodwater in high-sediment rivers.

Summery : Abstract The assessment of food impact on a Water Supply System (WSS) requires a comprehensive approach including several scales of analysis and models and should be managed in the Water Safety Plans (WSP), as recommended in the EU Water Directive 2020/2184. Flooding can afect the quality of groundwater and surface water resources and can cause supply service interruption due to damaged infrastructures. A complete approach to address food impact on WSS is required but not yet available, while only specifc aspects were investigated in details. This work introduces a comprehensive tool named WAter Safety Planning Procedures Decision Support System (WASPP–DSS) developed in the context of MUHA (Multihazard framework for Water Related risks management) project. The tool is mainly addressed to small water utilities (WU) for supporting WSP development and is based on two main premises: 1) a correct approach for WSS risk analysis requires a multi-hazard perspective encompassing all the system components and diferent hazards; 2) other institutions in addition to WUs have to be involved in WSS risk analyses to harmonize monitoring and response procedures. The tool is here applied on risks associated to fooding and demonstrated for three case studies. The WASPP–DSS, tested by eight WUs, was found a potentially valid support for small WUs that must start drafting the WSP in a comprehensive way and can provide a common shared scheme. Improvements are desirable, as including a specifc section to consider the issue of loss of water resources from reservoirs due to overfow. Keywords Flood hazard · Water supply system · Water safety plan · Decision support system

Summery : Abstract: Since improving floodwater utilization may increase flood risk, flood risk control methods for trade-offs between these factors have research value. This study presented a flood risk control method oriented towards floodwater utilization which considers multiple main flood risk factors. The proposed method not only achieves the boundaries of the flood limited water level (FLWL) under various acceptable risks but also dynamically controls the water level to enhance floodwater utilization. A case study conducted on the Danjiangkou reservoir yielded the following results: (1) The proposed method provides FLWL dynamic control boundaries under various acceptable risks. (2) The proposed method reveals the potential to raise the FLWL, with a possibility to raise it by 1.00 m above the present FLWL under the absence of flood risk. (3) The available flood resources in both the wet and dry seasons increase, on average, by 0.83 and 0.81 billion m3, and the flood risk remains within the acceptable range after raising the FLWL by 1.00 m, which contributes to enhancing floodwater utilization. Abstract: Since improving floodwater utilization may increase flood risk, flood risk control methods for trade-offs between these factors have research value. This study presented a flood risk control method oriented towards floodwater utilization which considers multiple main flood risk factors. The proposed method not only achieves the boundaries of the flood limited water level (FLWL) under various acceptable risks but also dynamically controls the water level to enhance floodwater utilization. A case study conducted on the Danjiangkou reservoir yielded the following results: (1) The proposed method provides FLWL dynamic control boundaries under various acceptable risks. (2) The proposed method reveals the potential to raise the FLWL, with a possibility to raise it by 1.00 m above the present FLWL under the absence of flood risk. (3) The available flood resources in both the wet and dry seasons increase, on average, by 0.83 and 0.81 billion m3, and the flood risk remains within the acceptable range after raising the FLWL by 1.00 m, which contributes to enhancing floodwater utilization.

Summery : Abstract Water scarcity is a highly complex, multifaceted and dynamic issue, which has become a severe global challenge. Water scarcity is a hyperconnected phenomenon and thus should be studied through nexus approach, however current water-energy-food (WEF) nexus underrepresents the impacts of land use change and climate change on water scarcity. Therefore, this study was investigated to expand the WEF nexus coverage of further systems, improving the accuracy of nexus models for decision-making and narrowing science-policy gap. Current study developed a water-energy-food-land-climate (WEFLC) nexus model to analyze the water scarcity. Modeling the complex behavior of water scarcity enables the analysis of the efficiency of some adaptation policies in addressing water scarcity and will provide suggestions for improving adaptation practices. The results showed that there is a substantial water supply-demand gap in study region, with an excess consumption of 62,361 million m3. Under baseline scenario, the gap between water supply and demand will enlarge, leading to water crisis in Iran as our study region. Climate change was found to be the prime cause of exacerbating water scarcity in Iran, raising evapotranspiration from 70 % to 85 % in 50 years, and considerably increasing the water demand in various sectors. In terms of policy/adaptation measure analysis, the results showed that neither supply-side nor demand-side scenarios could solely address water crisis, and mixed supply-demand side interventions can be the most effective policy to alleviate water crisis. Overall, the study suggests that water resource management practices and policies in Iran should be reevaluated to include a system thinking management approach. The results can be used as a decision support tool that can recommend suitable mitigation and adaptation strategies for water scarcity in the country.

Summery : Abstract Swarming water-related problems are threatening many arid and semi-arid regions of the earth and Iran is no exception. Integrating such problems with health, environmental, social, political and economic issues has greatly increased demand for managing the problems. This research aims to investigate the Iranians abilities to manage, develop and keep up their water resources throughout history. The investigation has been carried out into three time periods, including the traditional, transitional and modern periods. During the transitional period, most of the people were farmers and their cropping was mainly qanāt-based on water-scare regions and river-based on wet and water rich regions. Considering the low population density and large per capita water availability, they didn't feel the need to make improvements in managing water. At the beginning of the transitional period, modern technologies were not so much welcomed due to not being cost-effective and skill requirements. Finally, after sending students to the West and founding modern universities, gradually modern technologies started appearing in the major cities. During the modern period, rapid growth of population, industry's development, promotion of consumerism culture and unprecedented urbanization have brought many difficulties for water sectors. Hence, many strategies such as drilling deep-pumped wells, building dams, inter basin water transferring, subsidizing water have been undertaken to fix the problems. However, the sustainability of water resources not only has not improved, but has worsened through prudent policies such as food's self-sufficiency. In conclusion, If these problems persist over time, it's the most obvious result would be contagion to other countries.

Summery : Introduction In Iran, water resources management is a challenging issue due to some problems such as limited power of Iran Department of Environment (IDOE) and Ministry of Energy (MOE) in controlling water withdrawal and pollution sources especially when the pollution source is related to a governmental sector, uneven distribution of population and economic activities, inadequate monitoring of pollution sources and water  bodies, lack of suitable cooperation among relevant governmental and non-governmental organizations and inadequate guidelines and  standards. Also, climate change and periodic  droughts can worsen the quantity and quality condition of water resources. In this paper, by using available data and information and employing a driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response-Outlook framework, general state of water resources in Iran is evaluated.